Here you can find all the info. of all blocks (also 1.8.1 blocks)
BedrockBedrock (also called adminium ) is an indestructible block found on the lowest 5 layers of a map. It also appears at the top and bottom 4 layers of The Nether.
LeavesLeaves are an abundant block found on every tree. Leaf blocks occasionally yield a sapling when destroyed. Placeable leaf blocks can be obtained by using shears on them.
It is most efficient to destroy leaves with shears, as it only takes one hit. Placed leaf blocks obtained this way will disappear after a while if they are not within 4 blocks of wood.
Clay blockClay block are found on the surface by bodies of water and usually surrounded by sand. While uncommon, clay blocks are easier to find than other "rare" blocks
When destroyed, a single clay block yields 4 balls of clay. These can be crafted back into a block, or smelted into brick.
Coal OreA common mineral block that can be found on nearly any level.
Coal can be mined using a wooden pick axe or better.
Commonly found up to: Layer 128
Rare between: Layer 129-131
None above: Layer 132
Pickaxe needed for drop: Wood or better.
Diamond OreConsidered the rarest and most desirable mineral in the game, Diamond Ore can only be found in layers 1 to 19. Mine using an iron, or diamond pickaxe (not gold pickaxe!)
Commonly found up to: Layer 16
Rare between: Layer 17-19
None above: Layer 20
Pickaxe needed for drop: Iron or better and not gold.
DirtDirt is a common block. Use a shovel to dig for best results.
When a dirt block is adjacent to a grass block and exposed to a light level of at least 4, it will eventually be converted to a grass block.
Using a hoe on dirt block will convert it to farmland block.
Glowstone BlockGlowstone is a glowing block found only in The Nether. It typically grows in clusters either very high or at ground level.
Glowstone is a very fragile, similar to glass and can be broken easily with bare hands. Glowstone blocks will melt nearby snow and ice, and can be used as a chandelier similar to Jack-O-lantern.
Gold OreRelatively rare ore that is found on levels 0 to 35 in veins of 2 to 8 blocks. Gold Ore requires a iron pickaxe or a diamond pickaxe to harvest.
GrassGrass is found on the top blocks of dirt layers not directly covered by leaves or liquids.
Grass(Tall)Found on top of grass blocks, tall grass drops seeds when destroyed. Players can move freely through tall grass.
Since tall grass doesn't drop a block of itself when destroyed, it cannot be replanted.
GravelGravel is a block that is normally found in pits, underwater, on beaches, or in The Nether.
The fact that gravel is plentiful and properly obeys the laws of gravity makes it useful for a variety of tasks.
IceIce is a block that is formed when water is exposed to snow.
It is slippery and can be destroyed easily without the use of tools.
Iron OreIton Ore is an uncommon ore found on leves 0 to 67. Mine it with a stone pickaxe or better.
Lapis Lazuli Ore Lapis Lazuli is an ore block found at levels 0 to 32, with the highest concentration at level 19. Mine it using a stone pickaxe or better.
Lapis Lazuli is based on the real stone which is historically prized and rare.
LavaLava is a liquid which gives off light and can set other objects on fire. It can be collected by right-clicking it with a bucket selected.
Lava is normally found in large underground pools, on levels 0 through 12. It is also common in The Nether, where it forms the world's oceans instead of water.
Lava obeys gravity and will fall intil it finds a supporting block.
Monster SpawnerThese blocks, found in dungeons, spawn monsters in a 9x9x9 area to essentially guard the treasures that the dungeon holds.
The block will contain a flame (that doesn't emit light) and a miniature version of the monster it is creating that will slowly increase spinning speed until the next monster is spawned.
Once a player moves within 16 squares of a monster spawner, the spawner will activate. it will only place monsters in squares within its 9x9x9 area that have a light level in less than 7. The spawner will attempt to place a monster, on average, every 24.975 seconds. it will give up after 4 failed attempts to find a valid placement, and it will stop spawning if 6 or more monsters of the specified type are inside the 9x9x9 area.
Unedited monster spawners will spawn skeletons, zombies and spiders.
NetherrackNetherrack (also called Netherstone, Hellstone, Bloodstone , or Red Mossy Cobblestone), is a block that is found only in The Nether.
When lit on fire, Netherrack will burn until it is extinguished.
It can be mined using a stone pickaxe or better.
ObsidianObsidian is a rare, hard block that is created when water is placed on a Lava source block.
It can only be mined with a diamond pickaxe.
Obsidian is used for making portals into The Nether.
Redstone OreRedstone Ore is a somewhat common at levels 1 to 19 and appears in veins of 2 to 6 blocks. Use an iron or diamond pickaxe to mine.
If you step on or click on Redstone ore it will emit light of level 9. Redstone ore is commonly found near lava, and sometimes in the vicinity of gold or diamond.
SandSand is a natural block commonly found near water.
It can be mined by fand, but using a wood shovel (or better) is quiker.
Sand obeys gravity; if there is no block beneath it, will fall.
Sand stoneSand stone is a solid block that is commonly found under or near large patches of Sand.
It is more useful for building than common sand, as it may be placed without a supporting block.
Once placed, it can be harvested using a pickaxe.
Snow (Dirt)Snow is a black modifier which is present in areas that have snowfall.
Snow is easy to remove, and can be done by hand, with a tool, or by placing a light source which will cause snow to melt and prevent new snow from developing.
If destroyed using a shovel, snow will drop one snowball.
Soul SandSoul Sand (also called Slow sand, Quick sand, Mud, Hell mud or Nethermud) is a block which is only found in The Nether.
Players and Mobs are slowed by, and will sink slightly into Soul Sand blocks.
Stone (Mossy)Also known as Moss Stone, it is cobblestone covered in moss.
It is only found in batches of 30-64 at a time in underground dungeons.
Stone (Smooth)A useful and plentiful resource, Stone blocks are used for building and crafting.
Smooth Stone can be mined using pickaxes.
WaterWater is a liquid which can be placed by a player using a bucket.
Water will spread across certain surfaces but will not spread over another water block.
WoodA piece of wood from tree trunks. Wood can be harvested by punching/chopping.
There are three types of wood (oak, pine/spruce, birch), which are not stackable across types. However, the planks derived from different types of wood are stackable.
VinesVines (sometimes mistaken as lvy) were included in the Adventure update (1.8.1) and are placeable on walls and ceilings. They also hang on leaves in Swamps. As of the Beta 1.8 pre-release. they take as long to break as leaves and drop nothing.
However, they are collectable by using shears.
* If blocks are placed near a vine (such as the case having a house built in a swamp biome, for instance), vines will start growing on the wall.
* Vines can grow in any direction when placed on a block. When there is no block next to the block where the vine is on it can grow to the side of the block. The vine can even grow up.
* Like Signs and Ladders, only one of the vine may be placed in a single block of air.
* When vines grow they don't need a block below them to attach themself to. However the most top vine needs a block to be attached to. If that block is destroyed all vines will be destroyed.
* Vines cannot be placed directly on blocks like chests, workbenches and the cobweb block. However, thecan be grown around them.
* Vine most effectively destroyed by water. Vines on a mountain (for example) can be easily flushed away by putting a water source block on the mountain.
* Vines block mobs' line of sight, so it is possible to sneak up on mobs by hiding behind vines.
* When placed on a wall that is touching the bottom of a block, The vine will also attach to the bottom of the block.
* Vines have the same color as foliage has in a specific biome.
And now we are done i hope i helped you , some info i got them from minecraft wiki. 
i request this to be a sticky post.